What is Hyperkeratosis in Dogs?

 

 

What is Hyperkeratosis?

Hyperkeratosis is a condition where the body produces too much keratin, a fibrous protein found in the skin. This overproduction leads to the hardening and thickening of skin, most commonly around the nose (nasal hyperkeratosis) and paw pads (footpad or digital hyperkeratosis). The excess keratin can appear as a crusty, dry buildup, and in some cases, the skin looks like it has strands of hair or horn-like projections.

This condition is typically chronic and progressive, meaning it worsens over time if not addressed. While it may seem cosmetic at first, severe cases can crack, bleed, and become infected, causing pain and making it difficult for dogs to walk or sniff comfortably.

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What Causes Hyperkeratosis in Dogs?

Hyperkeratosis can occur as a primary condition or develop secondarily due to other underlying health issues. Here are the most common causes:

1. Breed Predisposition (Primary Hyperkeratosis)

Some breeds are genetically predisposed to developing hyperkeratosis, particularly as they age. These include:

• Irish Terriers

• Dogues de Bordeaux

• Bedlington Terriers

• Golden Retrievers

• Labradors

• English Bulldogs
  In these breeds, hyperkeratosis is often a lifelong condition that requires regular management.

2. Canine Distemper Virus

This viral infection, usually seen in puppies or unvaccinated dogs, can cause footpad and nasal hyperkeratosis as a symptom of systemic illness. While vaccinations have significantly reduced the prevalence of distemper, outbreaks still occur, especially in shelter or stray populations.

3. Leishmaniasis

This parasitic disease—more common in certain geographical areas—can lead to a variety of skin issues, including hyperkeratosis. It’s a more serious underlying condition and requires veterinary diagnosis and treatment.

4. Pemphigus Foliaceus

An autoimmune skin disorder, pemphigus foliaceus causes crusty lesions and can lead to secondary hyperkeratosis on the nose and paw pads.

5. Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis

This condition affects dogs that either can’t absorb zinc properly or aren’t getting enough zinc in their diet. Breeds like Siberian Huskies and Alaskan Malamutes are more commonly affected. Supplementing with zinc (under veterinary guidance) can help.

6. Aging

Some older dogs develop hyperkeratosis as a natural part of the aging process, even without underlying disease. Their skin becomes less elastic and more prone to dryness and buildup.

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Symptoms of Hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis can often be mistaken for simple dry skin in its early stages. However, there are distinct signs that pet parents should watch for:

• Crusty, dry, or hard skin on the nose or paw pads

• Horn-like growths that resemble small spikes or hairs

• Cracks or fissures in the thickened skin

• Bleeding or pain, especially if the cracks deepen

• Limping or reluctance to walk

• Licking or chewing at the paws

• Sensitivity to touch on the nose or feet

If your dog shows any of these signs, it’s important to consult a veterinarian. Early treatment can prevent complications and improve your dog’s comfort.

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Diagnosing Hyperkeratosis

A veterinarian can typically diagnose hyperkeratosis through a physical examination. However, if an underlying cause is suspected—such as an autoimmune disease, nutritional deficiency, or viral infection—additional diagnostic testing may be required. These might include:

• Blood tests

• Skin biopsies

• Viral screening (e.g., for distemper)

• Nutritional evaluation

The goal is not only to confirm the presence of hyperkeratosis but also to uncover any contributing conditions that need to be addressed.

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How is Hyperkeratosis Treated?

While there is no permanent cure for primary hyperkeratosis, the condition can be managed effectively with regular care. Treatment focuses on softening and removing excess keratin, preventing secondary infections, and keeping your dog comfortable.

1. Moisturizing Balms or Ointments

Veterinarians often recommend the use of emollient balms specifically designed for canine noses and paw pads. Products with shea butter, coconut oil, beeswax, or lanolin can soften the hardened skin and help reduce buildup. Be sure to choose products that are dog-safe and non-toxic in case your dog licks them off.

2. Soaking and Exfoliation

For paw pad hyperkeratosis, soaking the feet in warm water (sometimes with Epsom salt or a vet-approved antiseptic solution) can help loosen the crusty skin. Your vet may also trim or exfoliate the hardened keratin buildup during a clinical visit.

3. Antibiotics or Anti-Inflammatories

If the skin is cracked or infected, your vet may prescribe antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling and promote healing.

4. Underlying Condition Management

When hyperkeratosis is linked to another disease (e.g., pemphigus foliaceus or zinc deficiency), treating that condition is key to reducing symptoms.

5. Protective Footwear

In severe cases where walking becomes painful, dog booties or protective footwear can help cushion the paw pads and prevent further trauma.

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Home Care and Prevention

If your dog is prone to hyperkeratosis, daily care can make a significant difference. Here are a few tips for managing the condition at home:

• Moisturize regularly, especially after walks or playtime

• Inspect your dog’s paws and nose weekly

• Keep their living environment clean to avoid infections

• Use protective footwear on rough or hot surfaces

• Discuss nutritional supplements with your vet if zinc deficiency is suspected

• Ensure your dog is up to date on vaccinations, especially against distemper

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When to Call the Vet

While mild cases may be managed at home, it’s time to call the vet if:

• The crusting worsens

• Your dog is in visible pain

• You notice bleeding, limping, or infection

• Over-the-counter treatments don’t seem to help

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Final Thoughts

Hyperkeratosis may not be life-threatening, but it can cause significant discomfort if left unchecked. With attentive care and the help of your veterinarian, most dogs with this condition can lead happy, active lives. If your dog shows signs of crusting, dryness, or discomfort on their paws or nose, don’t ignore it—early action can make all the difference.

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Sources:

• PetMD. Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

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